A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces covering a space, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are mostly utilized to cover floor and roof construction. They have been favoured spaces for decor from the earliest periods: either in painting the plain surface, in bringing out the structural members of roof or floor, or by treating it as a space for an overall pattern of relief.

Only a little is proved of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were designed richly with relief and painting, as is shown by the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. During the Gothic period, the common tendency to employ structural elements decoratively then came to the design of the beamed ceiling, in which big cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being strongly chamfered and molded and commonly painted in bright colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was adapted to its highest tip of originality and difference. Three types were further developed. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the complex design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far emulated their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer flourished with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings largely or somewhat vaulted, generally with arched intersections, with painted bands bringing out the architectural design and with pictures filling the remainder of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime demonstration of this. During the Baroque period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also utilized to decorate ceilings of this type. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style show this. In the third form, which was notably iconic of Venice, the ceiling became a large framed picture, as in the Doges’ Palace.

In modern day architecture ceilings often are split into two major classes — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some distance underneath the structural members, some architects have sought to cover large amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Most suspended ceilings feature a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold up plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, desiring the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in exposing the mechanical and electrical equipment. In response to this inclination, many structural systems have been created that have an expressive power in themselves and make admirable ceilings.

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