The word cockroach is stemmed from the Spanish cucaracha. The cockroach is recognized by a flattened oval body, long thin antennae, and a shining black or brown leathery integument. The head is aimed downward, and the mouthparts are pointed rearward instead of forward or downward as is the case in many other insects. The male often has two pairs of wings, whereas the female, who in some species, is wingless or appears with vestigial wings. The female creates eggs in egg cases (labeled oothecae). These are occasionally held away from her body or could be glued in protected parts. After the female generates an egg case, the soft, white nymphs emerge. As their exoskeleton hardens, it turns brown in shade. The form and remarkable size (some species have a wingspan of higher than 12 cm [4.7 inches]) of cockroaches have made them a particular objective in the biological laboratory.

The cockroach prefers a warm, humid, dark habitat and is often located in tropical and other mild climates. Just a small number of species have become pests. The insect harms more material than it digests and possesses a disagreeable scent. The nutrition of the roach, which can be both plant and animal produce, ranges from food, paper, clothing, and books to dead insects, especially bedbugs. Insecticides can be taken in roach destroying.

The American cockroach (species Periplaneta americana) is 30 to 50 mm long (up to about 2 inches), reddish brown, and lives outdoors or in dark, heated indoor locations (e.g., basements and furnace rooms). In adult life, usually about 1.5 years, the female drops 50 or more oothecae, each possessing about 16 eggs that hatch after 45 days. Nymphal life lasts from 11 to 14 months. The American cockroach, originally from tropical and subtropical America, possesses well-developed wings. However, the majority of species are not often good at flying.

The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a common household pest and occasionally erroneously labeled a waterbug, is light brown with two dark stripes on the prothoracic area. The female creates the ootheca three days post mating and carries it for generally around 20 days. Because it is miniature (about 12 mm [less than 0.5 inch] long), this cockroach frequently is introduced into households in grocery bags and boxes; it has spread through the world by ship. Three or more generations can live yearly. This cockroach, found in abundance through the water pipes of the Croton Aqueduct in New York City, is now labeled the Croton bug.

The brown-banded cockroach (Supella supellectilium) closely resembles the German cockroach but is a bit smaller. The male possesses totally developed wings and is paler in shade than the female, whose wings are stunted and nonfunctional. Both sexes have two light-coloured bands along the back. The adult life span is about 200 days, and there can be two generations a year. Eggs are be deposited in clothes, wood molding, or cracks in the floor. With the innovation of heated buildings this cockroach became established in cooler climates.

The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is thought of as one of the filthiest of household pests. It is oval, shiny black or dark brown, 25 to 30 mm (1 to 1.2 inches) long, with a life cycle like that of the American cockroach. The male has short, fully developed wings, while the female possesses vestigial wings. This cockroach has been distributed in vehicles of trade from its Asiatic origins to every temperate regions.

Wood roaches are non-domestic pests. Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, the common wood cockroach, can be found below logs and stones in northern latitudes. The male and female are so differing in appearance that they were originally considered different species. The male, 15 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 inch) long, has wings that expand past the abdomen; the female is smaller and has much shorter wings. Cryptocercus punctulatus digests wood with the assistance of some protozoans in its digestive tract.

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